Urban rail transit disruption management: a decade of research on network resilience, internal, and external strategies

Urban Rail Transit (URT) systems are vital for urban mobility, for offering superior speed, capacity, and reliability. However, as these networks grow in complexity, they become more susceptible to disruptions that can lead to delays and public dissatisfaction. Effective disruption management is thus essential. This paper reviews a decade of research on URT disruption management, focusing on three key areas: network resilience, internal management, and external management. Network resilience studies aim to improve the system's ability to withstand and recover from disruptions through advanced modeling techniques. Internal management emphasizes flexible train scheduling and passenger flow control to minimize delays. External management involves coordinating with alternative transport modes, especially temporary bus services, and understanding passenger behavior during emergencies. The review underscores the importance of integrating both internal and external strategies to ensure reliable operations and enhance passenger safety. Looking ahead, we explore the challenges facing current research in URT disruption management and propose possible avenues for future studies.