Ultra-high strength metal matrix composites (MMCs) with extended ductility manufactured by size-controlled powder and spherical cast tungsten carbide

The main challenge of particle reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) is balancing strength and ductility. This research uses type 420 stainless steel and spherical cast tungsten carbide (WC/W₂C) with a similar powder size and range as raw powders to manufacture laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 420 + 5 wt% WC/W₂C MMCs. LPBF 420 + 5 wt% WC/W₂C MMCs contain austenite, martensite, and W-rich carbides (WC/W₂C, FeW₃C, M₆C, and M₇C₃) from nanometre to micrometre scale. The well-balanced composition creates a crack-free reaction layer between the reinforced particles and matrix. This reaction layer consists of two distinct layers, depending on the element concentration. The LPBF 420 + 5 wt% WC/W₂C MMCs achieved an excellent compressive strength of ∼5.5 GPa and a considerable fracture strain exceeding 50 %. The underlying mechanisms for the improved mechanical properties are discussed, providing further insight to advance the application of MMCs via additive manufacturing.