The intertemporal substitution effect of energy consumption under climate policy changes

Based on the intertemporal substitution effect, the high inflation expectations can stimulate agents to consume now rather than in the future. However, under the background of global climate policy changes, how inflation expectations affect energy consumption? Using the bootstrap Granger full-sample causality test and sub-sample rolling window tests, this study examines the intertemporal substitution effect of energy consumption in the U.S. The results based on the full-sample data indicate no causality between inflation expectations and energy consumption, which suggests that the intertemporal substitution effect of energy consumption does not exist. Nevertheless, the rolling window method which estimates a time-varying causality identifies a short-lived positive effects of inflation expectations on energy consumption in a distinct sub-period before the global Paris agreement, but disappears since then. Therefore, the intertemporal substitution effect regarding energy consumption does not exist under the background of pressing carbon targets. The effects of energy consumption on inflation expectations can be positive or negative, which tells a cautionary tale about climate policies aiming at engineering lower carbon emissions.