Surface modification induced by perovskite quantum dots for triple-cation perovskite solar cells

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells are regarded as the most promising new-generation photovoltaic technology, owing to their high power conversion efficiencies and low cost. However, surface imperfections of perovskite films impede improvement in device performances, since surface imperfections can introduce undesired energy losses under sunlight illumination. Here, we show that the incorporation of zero-dimensional perovskite quantum dots into three-dimensional perovskite films can heal surface imperfections in perovskite films. Introducing perovskite quantum dots also leads to a more uniform surface topography and potential, along with an improved crystal quality of the triple-cation perovskite films, benefiting charge carrier kinetics between the perovskite films and the charge extraction layers. Ultimately, we achieve a power conversion efficiency exceeding 21% in triple-cation perovskite solar cells.