Strategies for improving the performance of practical Li-CO₂ battery

The Li-CO₂ battery represented an enticing energy storage/output system characterized by its high-specific energy capacity and simultaneously achieving CO₂ fixation and conversion, which held significant promise in mitigating global warming and advancing toward carbon neutrality. Nonetheless, the current Li-CO₂ battery's practical capacity and energy efficiency lagged behind traditional lithium-ion battery considerably, posing great challenges for practical applications and commercialization. This review comprehensively summarized recent advancements and prospective strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of practical Li-CO₂ battery, encompassing insights into the cycling reaction mechanisms, anode electrode protection, key interface optimization, electrolyte design, and cathode catalyst innovations. Furthermore, insights into the prospects and key obstacles that lay ahead in advancing the Li-CO₂ battery toward practical applications were provided.