SnO₂/SnS heterojunction anchoring on CMK-3 mesoporous network improves the reversibility of conversion reaction for lithium/sodium ions storage

Tin oxide-based (SnO₂) materials show high theoretical capacity for lithium and sodium storage benefiting from a double-reaction mechanism of conversion and alloying reactions. However, due to the limitation of the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, the conversion reaction process of SnO₂ usually shows irreversibility, resulting in serious capacity decay and hindering the further application of the SnO₂ anode. Herein, SnO₂/SnS heterojunction was anchored on the surface and inside of CMK-3 by in situ synthesis method, forming a stable 3D structural material (SnO₂/SnS@CMK-3). The electrochemical properties of SnO₂/SnS@CMK-3 composite show high capacity and reversible conversion reaction, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of CMK-3 and SnO₂/SnS heterojunction. To further investigate the influence of the heterojunction on the reversibility of the conversion reaction, the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) was calculated using density functional theory. The results show that SnO₂/SnS heterojunction has a closer to zero ΔG for lithium/sodium ion batteries compared to SnO₂, indicating that the heterojunction enhances the reversibility of the conversion reaction in chemical reaction thermodynamics. Our work provides insights into the reversibility of the conversion reaction of SnO₂-based materials, which is essential for improving their electrochemical performance.