Precise Quantitative Filling Method and Experimental Validation of Rubidium Vapor Cells for Quantum Sensing Applications

Rubidium atomic systems are widely employed in quantum precision measurement. As a core component of numerous quantum sensors, the rubidium vapor cell plays a critical role in determining sensitivity and long-term stability of these devices. However, conventional filling techniques remain inadequate for achieving precise quantitative control of rubidium atoms within the vapor cells. In this work, a precise quantitative filling method of rubidium atoms into vapor cells driven by a zoned temperature gradient is proposed. By constructing a multi-zone temperature field that decreases monotonically from high to low temperatures under a high vacuum condition, directional vapor transport of rubidium atoms is realized. Experimental results demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the atomic number density agrees well with predictions of the empirical model, while the total atomic mass loss is maintained below 10%. These results confirm the validity of the filling method, providing both theoretical support and experimental basis for the scalable fabrication of high-consistency vapor cells for quantum sensing applications.