Ocean Modeling with Adaptive REsolution (OMARE; version 1.0) - refactoring the NEMO model (version 4.0.1) with the parallel computing framework of JASMIN - Part 1: Adaptive grid refinement in an idealized double-gyre case

High-resolution models have become widely available for the study of the ocean's small-scale processes. Although these models simulate more turbulent ocean dynamics and reduce uncertainties of parameterizations, they are not practical for long-term simulations, especially for climate studies. Besides scientific research, there are also growing needs from key applications for multi-resolution, flexible modeling capabilities. In this study we introduce the Ocean Modeling with Adaptive REsolution (OMARE), which is based on refactoring Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) with the parallel computing framework of JASMIN (J parallel Adaptive Structured Mesh applications INfrastructure). OMARE supports adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) for the simulation of the multi-scale ocean processes with improved computability. We construct an idealized, double-gyre test case, which simulates a western-boundary current system with seasonally changing atmospheric forcings. This paper (Part 1) focuses on the ocean physics simulated by OMARE at two refinement scenarios: (1) 0.5-0.1° static refinement and the transition from laminar to turbulent, eddy-rich ocean, and (2) the short-term 0.1-0.02° AMR experiments, which focus on submesoscale processes. Specifically, for the first scenario, we show that the ocean dynamics on the refined, 0.1° region is sensitive to the choice of refinement region within the low-resolution, 0.5° basin. Furthermore, for the refinement to 0.02°, we adopt refinement criteria for AMR based on surface velocity and vorticity. Results show that temporally changing features at the ocean's mesoscale, as well as submesoscale process and its seasonality, are captured well through AMR. Related topics and future plans of OMARE, including the upscaling of small-scale processes with AMR, are further discussed for further oceanography studies and applications.