Numerical study on airfoil aerodynamics in proximity to wavy water surface for various amplitudes

Wing–in–ground crafts will face waves with different amplitudes when flying over the ocean, and the high amplitude situations are especially lack of exploration. Hence, the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA 4412 airfoil in proximity to the wavy water surface for various wave amplitudes are inspected in this paper. By solving Navier–Stokes equations, the lift coefficients of the airfoil when the angle of attack ranges from 0^◦ to 4^◦ are obtained. The results show that the fluctuation amplitudes of aerodynamic coefficients increase remarkably with successive increases in the wave amplitude and might threaten flight safety. The flow fields at 0^◦ with low and high wave amplitudes are investigated. It is revealed that the upward movement of the water surface is the critical factor for the change of aerodynamics, and the mechanism varies with different wave amplitudes. Comparison of the flow fields at 0^◦ and 2^◦ further indicates that the influence of high amplitude waves depends on the distance between the leading edge of the airfoil and the water surface. This study discovers the reasons for the different aerodynamic characteristics under various wave amplitudes and angles of attack, and is of great value for the design of wing–in–ground crafts.