Micro/Nanofabrication, Assembly, and Actuation Based on Microorganisms: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Microorganisms become new sources for fabricating intricate micro/nano structures via bottom-up approaches. Produced from nature, microorganism biotemplates exhibit unique structural and material features over thousands of years of revolution. They are considerably superior and cost-effective for fabricating complex and heterogeneous structures when compared to other micro/nanofabrication techniques. Herein, the recent advances in biologically driven micro/nanofabrication, assembly, and actuation based on microorganisms are consolidated. Detailed development and recent advances of micro/nanoparticle fabrication, their ordered assembly, and controlled actuation properties, as well as certain typical engineering application examples, are mainly involved. The developing perspectives and challenges of microorganism-based micro/nanofabrication are also discussed, aiming to inspire the relevant researches and promote the development in this field.