Fusion reactions in supernovae and the early universe

Universal baryon-density parameter Ω_B inferred from the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic microwave background fluctuations disagrees with each other at the 1σ level. We propose new cosmological models for the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis to try to recover the concordance of Ω_B. Nuclear processes in the Big-Bang nucleosynthesis are similar to those in the r-process nucleosynthesis in supernovae. Even in the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements, initial entropy and density in the neutrino-driven winds of Type II supernovae are so high that nuclear statistical equilibrium favors production of abundant light nuclei. In such explosive circumstances many radioactive light-to-intermediate mass nuclei as well as heavy mass nuclei play the significant roles.