From pedestrian simulation to security screening checkpoint planning: Simulation-enhanced optimization method

Modeling pedestrian flow through security checkpoints is critical for efficient airport operations. In this study, we develop a discrete event simulation model to describe queue dynamics at security screening checkpoints. Focusing on queue lengths, waiting times, and passenger arrival rates, we investigate how dynamically changing the number of open checkpoints affects system performance. Building on these insights, we formulate a mixed-integer linear programming model that incorporates system performance states derived from simulations to optimize checkpoint planning over time. Finally, we validate our approach through simulations based on arrival data from Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, China. Compared with a stand-alone mixed-integer linear programming formulation, the simulation-enhanced method achieves fewer total and peak lanes while meeting the same service-level targets. By providing an accurate representation of pedestrian flows, this research offers airports a practical decision tool for dynamic resource allocation and improved checkpoint performance.