Extensive Lunar Surface Disturbance at the Chang'e-5 Mission Landing Site: Implications for Future Lunar Base Design and Construction

Lunar surface disturbances by spacecraft engine jets are of particular concern in the current new phase of lunar exploration, when dozens of landing missions and permanent bases are being planned. Some of these exploration efforts will involve multiple landings and liftoffs around the same lunar site; thus, it is essential to evaluate their effect on astronauts and assets on the lunar surface. Here, we assess the surface disturbances during the Chang'e-5 landing and liftoff procedures through the photometric analysis of high-resolution multi-temporal surface and orbital images. Centimeter-scale surface images reveal a four-stage evolution of the landing plume impingement over a period of ∼50 s, which involves phenomena such as dust devils and streaks, and displacement of cobbles. Temporal-ratio calculation of orbital images (including one acquired between landing and liftoff) enables the first direct observation of ascent plume effects. The ascent blast zone consists of two separated sub-areas (∼3,400 km² in total), which is nearly twice larger than that of the landing blast zone. The final disturbed surface is characterized by a central main zone (∼2,300 m²) surrounded by a marginal diffuse zone (∼15,300 m²). Phase-ratio analyses suggest that plume impingement destroys the micro-porous structure of the uppermost regolith. We estimate that future lunar landers (e.g., SpaceX's Starship) may cause significant lunar surface disturbances over an area of square kilometers. Our results provide unique insights into Chang'e-5 mission activities, and instructive references for the planning of future lunar endeavors, including the design and construction of surface experiment packages and permanent lunar bases.