Environmental hazard assessment of forest fire sites to firefighting aircraft—part I: Canyon wind and temperature distribution

Wildfires have caused immense damage to the environment, property and human safety in recent years. Fortunately, the deployment of firefighting aircraft, particularly water bombers, has emerged as one of the most effective strategies for combating wildfires. However, the intricate environment of forest fire sites, characterized by thermal turbulence and canyon winds, presents a formidable flight risk for firefighting aircraft. To address this issue, this study conducted a comprehensive risk assessment of firefighting aircraft operating in a wildfire environment, analyzing the impact of thermal turbulence and canyon winds using a finite element simulation method. This approach not only bridges the research gap in the field of flight safety but also evaluates the environmental risks encountered by firefighting aircraft when entering forest fire sites. Our findings underscore thermal turbulence and canyon winds as potential hazards for aircraft flying over mountainous terrain, elucidating the effect of thermal turbulence on aircraft engine intakes and quantifying the total lift loss incurred during encounters with canyon winds featuring non-uniform airflow velocities. Specifically, thermal turbulence can induce instability and vibration in aircraft engines, whereas canyon winds can generate updrafts and downdrafts that may compromise aircraft structures or lead to lift loss. Furthermore, we cite several references to emphasize the multifaceted risks associated with the forest fire site environment, encompassing temperature gradients, thunderstorms, and air pollution. Such comprehensive wildfire data can be invaluable in assessing the flight safety of firefighting aircraft during water-dropping missions in forest fire scenarios.