Enhancing hydrogen evolution reaction by harnessing bubble dynamics regulation: Principles, methods, and outlook

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for green hydrogen production and the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. However, the issues related to electrochemical gas bubbles, particularly at high current densities, have become a critical bottleneck for HER performance, resulting in active site isolation, increased ohmic resistance, and large concentration overpotential. Addressing these bubble-related limitations is therefore essential for advancing HER efficiency. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of bubble manipulation strategies for enhancing HER by (1) exploring the fundamental principles governing bubble dynamics at electrode interfaces, (2) presenting the strategies to mitigate bubble-related issues at electrode interfaces, that is, passive strategies and active strategies, and (3) offering our insights into the challenges and opportunities for bubble dynamics in HER. By consolidating these projects, this review aims to advance the rational design of bubble management strategies and inspire innovative approaches for efficient hydrogen production.