TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of limb rotation on radiographic alignment measurement in mal-aligned knees
AU - Sun, Xiaoshu
AU - Yang, Bin
AU - Xiao, Shengzhao
AU - Yan, Yichen
AU - Liu, Zifan
AU - Yuan, Liang
AU - Wang, Xiaohua
AU - Sun, Bin
AU - Yao, Jie
AU - Fan, Yubo
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - Purpose: Long-leg-radiography (LLR) is commonly used for the measurement of lower limb alignment. However, limb rotations during radiography may interfere with the alignment measurement. This study examines the effect of limb rotation on the accuracy of measurements based on the mechanical and anatomical axes of the femur and tibia, with variations in knee flexion and coronal deformity. Methods: Forty-five lower limbs of 30 patients were scanned with CT. Virtual LLRs simulating five rotational positions (neutral, ± 10∘, and ± 20∘ internal rotation) were generated from the CT images. Changes in the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA) and the femorotibial angle (FTA) were measured on each image with respect to neutral values. These changes were related to knee flexion and coronal deformity under both weight- and non-weight-bearing conditions. Results: The measurement errors of the HKA and FTA derived from limb rotation were up to 4.84 ± 0.66∘ and 7.35 ± 0.88∘, respectively, and were correlated with knee flexion (p < 0.001) and severe coronal deformity (p < 0.001). Compared with the non-weight-bearing position, the coronal deformity measured in the weight-bearing condition was 2.62∘ greater, the correlation coefficients between the coronal deformity and the deviation ranges of HKA and FTA were also greater. Conclusions: Flexion and severe coronal deformity have a significant influence on the measurement error of lower limb alignment. Errors can be amplified in the weight-bearing condition compared with the non-weight-bearing condition. When using HKA and FTA to represent the mechanical axis and the anatomical axis on LLR, limb rotation impacts the anatomic axis more than the mechanical axis in patients with severe deformities. Considering LLR as the gold standard image modality, attention should be paid to the measurement of knee alignment. Especially for the possible errors derived from weight-bearing long-leg radiographs of patients with severe knee deformities.
AB - Purpose: Long-leg-radiography (LLR) is commonly used for the measurement of lower limb alignment. However, limb rotations during radiography may interfere with the alignment measurement. This study examines the effect of limb rotation on the accuracy of measurements based on the mechanical and anatomical axes of the femur and tibia, with variations in knee flexion and coronal deformity. Methods: Forty-five lower limbs of 30 patients were scanned with CT. Virtual LLRs simulating five rotational positions (neutral, ± 10∘, and ± 20∘ internal rotation) were generated from the CT images. Changes in the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA) and the femorotibial angle (FTA) were measured on each image with respect to neutral values. These changes were related to knee flexion and coronal deformity under both weight- and non-weight-bearing conditions. Results: The measurement errors of the HKA and FTA derived from limb rotation were up to 4.84 ± 0.66∘ and 7.35 ± 0.88∘, respectively, and were correlated with knee flexion (p < 0.001) and severe coronal deformity (p < 0.001). Compared with the non-weight-bearing position, the coronal deformity measured in the weight-bearing condition was 2.62∘ greater, the correlation coefficients between the coronal deformity and the deviation ranges of HKA and FTA were also greater. Conclusions: Flexion and severe coronal deformity have a significant influence on the measurement error of lower limb alignment. Errors can be amplified in the weight-bearing condition compared with the non-weight-bearing condition. When using HKA and FTA to represent the mechanical axis and the anatomical axis on LLR, limb rotation impacts the anatomic axis more than the mechanical axis in patients with severe deformities. Considering LLR as the gold standard image modality, attention should be paid to the measurement of knee alignment. Especially for the possible errors derived from weight-bearing long-leg radiographs of patients with severe knee deformities.
KW - Alignment measurement
KW - Knee coronal deformity
KW - Knee flexion
KW - Long-leg radiography
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85120052077
U2 - 10.1186/s12938-021-00956-7
DO - 10.1186/s12938-021-00956-7
M3 - 文章
C2 - 34838009
AN - SCOPUS:85120052077
SN - 1475-925X
VL - 20
JO - BioMedical Engineering Online
JF - BioMedical Engineering Online
IS - 1
M1 - 119
ER -