Design and aerodynamic performance of a new sweeping and spanning morphing multirole UAV

This paper explores the limitations of traditional patrol UAVs, which are typically optimized for single-task performance and cannot meet the multi-mode operational requirements of complex modern battlefields. We propose an innovative multi-role patrol UAV that incorporates integrated wing sweep and span morphing capabilities, along with retractable ventral fins and variable-angle V-tails, a multi-dimensional morphing configuration that makes up for the deficiency of single-dimension morphing design in existing studies. This study includes a conceptual design, physical validation of the morphing mechanism, and aerodynamic simulations with high-fidelity numerical methods. The results indicate that the UAV meets essential specifications (launch weight < 250 kg, fuselage length < 4 m, payload > 40 kg), with a sweepback angle that can be adjusted from 0 to 45° (average actuation time of 1.15 s) and continuous span adjustments (average actuation time of 4.96 s). It exhibits strong aerodynamic performance and stability across three operational modes (low-speed ultra-long endurance, variable-speed long endurance, high-speed maneuvering), each of which is adaptively matched to the typical mission scenarios of modern battlefield patrol tasks. This research highlights the potential applications of UAV technology and introduces a novel framework for integrating multi-performance features through the integrated design of "structure-morphing-control-trajectory". The aerodynamic analysis reveals that the UAV achieves a cruise factor and a maximum lift-to-drag ratio exceeding 20 in low-speed and variable-speed modes, along with exceptional stability and maneuverability in multimodal flight. The control efficiency of its ailerons and rudders is significantly improved in high-speed mode to meet the requirements of quick-strike missions, thereby confirming its suitability for a range of operational requirements on complex battlefields.