Continuous Monitoring of Body Fluid by Flexible Bio-Integrated Flow Sensors

Body fluids play pivotal roles in maintaining health. Flexible bio-integrated flow sensor (BIFS) devices and systems overcome the bulky size and intermittent monitoring of conventional clinical equipment. They enable real-time, continuous monitoring of body fluids, thereby advancing healthcare. However, challenges such as low sensitivity and inadequate stability have hindered their widespread clinical and practical applications. In this review, we present the latest advancements in BIFS for continuous monitoring of human body fluids. Initially, we delineate effective engineering strategies for developing high-performance BIFS devices and systems, encompassing fundamental working mechanisms, design approaches for microscale functional materials, and methodologies for macroscale fluid-structure interaction structures. Subsequently, we compile and showcase representative BIFS and their applications in personalized healthcare. Finally, we explore and present potential directions for the development of BIFS for practical and continuous monitoring of human body fluids, offering insights into future perspectives in this domain.