Constructing ample active sites in nitrogen-doped carbon materials for efficient electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction

Seeking catalysts with high density of active sites of N-doped carbon nanomaterials is desired for effective conversion of CO₂ to CO. Here, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation is employed to investigate the formation energy and chemical potential of N species from different N-containing carbon precursors. It is found that the hybrid precursors facilitate to form high density of the pyridinic-N active sites, owing to its lower formation energy of pyridinic-N. Accordingly, we develop a hybridization strategy of precursors to fabricate the N-doped porous carbon (NPC) with a pyridinic-N content of 2.86 wt% by ball milling of the poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) copolymer in the presence salt templets, followed by pyrolysis. As expected, the optimized NPC_1:0.5 exhibits an excellent activity toward CO₂RR with the CO Faradaic efficiency of ∼95.3% and a high CO current density of 4.3 mA cm⁻², higher than most of the previous reports. Besides, this NPC had CO current density of 115.9 mA cm⁻² and a long-term stability for 20 h in flow cell. The experiments and DFT calculation show that the pyridinic-N species act as active sites for CO₂RR. In addition, 2p electrons of pyridinic-N species promote *COOH intermediate release to enhance CO₂ conversion toward CO.