Analysis of crystalline phases and integration modelling of charge quenching yields in hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cell materials

Organic inorganic metal halide perovskites (OIHPs) has emerged as promising photovoltaic materials the latest years. Many OIHPs, however, have complex material compositions with mixed cation and halide compositions, phase mixtures, as well as beneficial remains of PbI₂ in the final solar cell materials where the complex material composition with dual conduction and valence band states and its effects on the performance remain unclear. Here, we report an approach to analyze the phase mixture, order-disorder phases and the emissive electronic states via a 4-state model of the photoluminescence yield. The approach is applied to scaffold layer perovskite materials with different mixed halide composition. The optical transitions and the full emission spectra are de-convoluted to quantify the band gaps and charge quenching yields in the OIHPs. An approach to extract the excited state coupling parameters within the 4-state model is also briefly given. The integration model is finally utilized in charge quenching yield analysis for the different materials and correlated with solar cell performance from MAPbI₃ and MAPbI_3−xCl_x in mesoporous TiO₂ layers where inclusion of Cl improves crystal formation and is compared to alternative approaches using optimized solvents and anti-solvent methods. A band gap grading effect was found to be present for the scaffold MAPbI₃ and increased for MAPbI_3−xCl_x, beneficial for decreased hole concentration at the back contact and thus reducing back contact recombination.