Analysis and optimization of the effect of light and nutrient solution on wheat growth and development using an inverse system model strategy

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been selected as one of the core crops in Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) for future long-term space mission, and its cultivation is affected by several environmental factors. Both light system and nutrient solution are most efficient for plant growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of different spectra combinations and ionicconcentration (NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^-, H₂PO₄^-, SO₄^2-) on wheat growth, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, antioxidant capacity and biomass yield. The results showed that red-white light (RW) and white light (W) are more conducive to wheat growth and development. There are obvious advantages: photosynthetic rate, harvest index, thousand kernel weight, edible and inedible biomass. In order to conduct wheat cultivation for good quality, high yield and efficiency in the artificial environment, a valid state-space model of wheat growth process (WGP) was developed by experimental data and system identification, and then the inverse system model of WGP was derived accordingly to theoretically optimize the planting regime including light intensity and mineral ions concentrations based on prescribed output responses of WGP and computer simulation. Analysis of the most efficient nutrient mixtures showed that depending on the light (intensity and quality) and the plant age the different absorption of mineral elements from nutrient solution was observed. Therefore, it is important to develop a balanced nutrient mixture and light, which would provide the optimum uptake by plants of each element for the growing season.