Van der Waals gap engineering in 2D materials for energy storage and conversion

Since the discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials, they have garnered significant attention from researchers owing to the exceptional and modifiable physical and chemical properties. The weak interlayer interactions in 2D materials enable precise control over Van der Waals gaps, thereby enhancing their performance and introducing novel characteristics. By regulating the Van der Waals gap, 2D materials exhibit a diverse range of applications in the field of energy storage and conversion. This article provides a comprehensive review of various methods for manipulating Van der Waals gaps in 2D materials, including interlayer intercalation, guest atom doping within the lattice, formation of Van der Waals heterojunctions, and adjustment of stacking modes. Moreover, the impacts of these manipulations on energy storage and conversion applications are also summarized. Finally, potential future research directions are proposed to shed light on advancements in Van der Waals gap engineering. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.)