Surfactant-induced defects and photoluminescence of Co doped SnO ₂ nanorods

The microstructure and defect evolution of Co-doped SnO ₂ nanostructures have been mediated by the surfactant via a hydrothermal method. The microstructure is characterized by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra in detail. It is found that the density of structural defects considerably increases with the increase of the surfactant amount used in the prepa aration process. Meanwhile, the orange emission enhances dramatically. The growth proceess and defect evolution have been investigated by the following time-dependent experiments. Due to the existence of hollow scrolls in the growth, the mesocrystal lamellar attachment and the rolling process are proposed for the possible growth mechanism. In the synthetic process, surfactant cations, which are incorporated into the network of the self-assembled structure, strongly interact with tin hydroxyl anions. After removing the surfactants by calcination, the vacancies create in the corresponding locations, which promote the orange emission. Our finding opens a new way to control SnO ₂ defects and strength the optical emission.