Smart and colorful multifunctional perovskite solar cells for advanced applications

Owing to their facile preparation processes and exceptional photovoltaic performance, halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered much interest over the past decade. In addition, halide perovskites possess a high absorption coefficient and their color can be tuned through bandgap engineering. Therefore, PSCs are promising candidates for multifunctional photovoltaic devices, especially those combining energy harvesting with aesthetic value. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in two key manifestations of this multifunctionality: perovskite smart photovoltaic windows (SPWs) and visually appealing colorful PSCs. We systematically detail two categories of SPWs, namely self-chromic and integrated chromic devices, and discuss their underlying mechanisms and performance. We also conduct an in-depth analysis of colorful PSCs, comparing chemical coloration via bandgap engineering with structural coloration strategies using photonic crystals and optical microcavities. By summarizing the promising opportunities and critical challenges in this field, this review aims to guide future research and implementation strategies for high-performance, multifunctional PSCs.