Safety issues and mechanisms of lithium-ion battery cell upon mechanical abusive loading: A review

Battery safety has attracted attention worldwide due to current trends in communication and mobilization brought about by rapidly evolving versions of smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other electronic devices, as well as the continuing increase in the number of electric vehicles. Mechanical abuse condition is one of the most critical scenarios with possible catastrophic results, such as fire or explosion of lithium-ion batteries. This comprehensive review aims to describe the complete mechanical–electrochemical–thermal coupled behavior of lithium-ion batteries through a review of experimental, theoretical, and modeling studies in each battery evolution phase under mechanical abuse loading. In addition, this review summarizes a state-of-the-art modeling framework to describe the multiphysical behavior of batteries. The intention of this review is to compile studies to understand safety issues and unravel mechanisms for hazardous behaviors of the mechanical integrity of the battery cell.