Practical consensus for high-order linear time-invariant swarm systems with interaction uncertainties, time-varying delays and external disturbances

Practical consensus problems for general high-order linear time-invariant swarm systems with interaction uncertainties and time-varying external disturbances on directed graphs are investigated in this article. A dynamic consensus protocol with non-uniform time-varying delays is adopted to deal with the practical consensus problem. Using state space decomposition, practical consensus problems of a swarm system are converted into stability problems of a disagreement subsystem. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional approach and the linear matrix inequality technique, sufficient conditions for swarm systems to achieve practical consensus are proposed where the time-varying external disturbance can be in L 2 or L ∞. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate theoretical results.