Photoinduced Vacancy Ordering and Phase Transition in MoTe₂

We show that non-equilibrium dynamics plays a central role in the photoinduced 2H-to-1T′ phase transition of MoTe₂. The phase transition is initiated by a local ordering of Te vacancies, followed by a 1T′ structural change in the original 2H lattice. The local 1T′ region serves as a seed to gather more vacancies into ordering and subsequently induces a further growth of the 1T′ phase. Remarkably, this process is controlled by photogenerated excited carriers as they enhance vacancy diffusion, increase the speed of vacancy ordering, and are hence vital to the 1T′ phase transition. This mechanism can be contrasted to the current model requiring a collective sliding of a whole Te atomic layer, which is thermodynamically highly unlikely. By uncovering the key roles of photoexcitations, our results may have important implications for finely controlling phase transitions in transition metal dichalcogenides.