Path loss models for wireless cardiac RF communication

In this letter, we propose fundamental path loss (PL) models which play vital roles in promoting the intraheart communication system design of future deeply implanted leadless pacemakers inside the cardiac chambers. Initially, employing a plane wave approach yields the attenuation of the electric field in homogeneous heart tissue, while a modified Friis equation in the lossy medium is utilized to evaluate the power transmission between transmitting and receiving antennas in homogeneous heart tissue in the far-field zone. An Hertzian dipole excitation is used to separate the mismatch and ohmic losses of the antenna from the path loss in an anatomical human body simulation environment. Based on this theoretical and full-wave simulation setup, PL models are derived and comprehensively compared at different potential frequency bands [Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) 402 - 405 MHz, Wireless Medical Telemetry Service (WMTS) 608-614 MHz, Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) 867-869 MHz, and 2400-2500 MHz], and the validity of applying the Friis equation in this scenario is verified.