Optimizing shared charging services at sustainable bus charging hubs: A queue theory integration approach

Integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into bus charging infrastructure offers a promising solution to mitigate carbon emissions and reduce grid loads. However, a mismatch between the output of solar PV energy and the electric bus (EB) charging demand can arise due to the instability and intermittency of solar PV energy. To address this issue, this study introduces a novel shared charging business mode that allocates charging facilities to private electric vehicles (PEVs), leveraging idle infrastructure to maximize solar PV utilization. We develop an optimization framework to jointly determine the EB charging schedules and the allocation of charging facilities between EBs and PEVs within an EB network integrated with solar PV systems. Additionally, a loss queue model with time-dependent arrival rates is proposed to model the stochastic nature of PEV charging demand. A case study is conducted on a bus network in Beijing to validate our proposed operational strategy. The findings demonstrate that integrating shared charging in bus depots equipped with solar PV systems improves solar PV utilization from 79.30 % to 92.91 %. This integration reduces CO₂ emissions and overall daily system costs by 7.93 % and 14.82 %, respectively, without negatively impacting the grid load during peak periods.