Numerical simulation on 3D multi-element wings in ground effect

A multi-element wing operating in ground effect is investigated numerically. The compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved by the finite-volume method. An Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is used. The slipping wall is used to simulate the relative movement of the ground. The results indicate that, with a reduction in height, the lift, drag and node down moment of the multi-element wing decrease. The ground effect is more obvious with greater angles of attack and aspect ratios, and the lift losses also become greater. The effect of the sweep angle on the ground effect is small. The cause of the reduction of lift is that the losses of the suction side of the upper surface are greater than the increases of the pressure side of the lower surface. Adverse gradient increases on the upper surface of the wing in ground effect may cause the flow to separate near the wing tip. Tip vortex goes downstream outward along the span direction, and the induced drag of the wing decreases. The results of the simulation may provide a theoretical basis for the design of height lift devices of large aircraft in ground effect.