Numerical comparison between symmetric and asymmetric flapping wing in tandem configuration

Dragonflies show impressive flight performance due to their unique tandem flapping wing configuration. While previous studies focused on forewing-hindwing interference in dragonfly-like flapping wings, few have explored the role of asymmetric pitching angle in tandem flapping wings. This paper compares the aerodynamic performance of asymmetric dragonfly-like wings with symmetric hummingbird-like wings, both arranged in tandem. Using a three-dimensional numerical model, we analyzed wing configurations with single/tandem wings, advance ratios (J) from 0 to 0.45, and forewing-hindwing phase differences ( ϕ ) from 0 ° to 180 ° at a Reynolds number of 7000. Results show that asymmetric flapping wings exhibit higher vertical force and flight efficiency in both single and tandem wing configurations. Increasing the phase difference ( ϕ ) improves flight efficiency with minimal loss of vertical force in the asymmetric flapping mode, while the symmetrical flapping mode significantly reduces vertical force at a 180 ° phase difference. Additionally, symmetric tandem flapping wings unexpectedly gain extra vertical force during in-phase flapping. This study uncovers the flow characteristics of dragonfly-like tandem flapping wings, providing a theoretical basis for the design of tandem flapping wing robots.