Nacre-inspired composites with different macroscopic dimensions: Strategies for improved mechanical performance and applications

To develop next-generation lightweight, high-strength, and tough materials, new materials design strategies must be established. Nacre, consisting of 95 vol.% inorganic plates (CaCO₃) and 5 vol.% organic matrix (protein) in layered arrangements, is famous for its significant increase (three orders of magnitude higher) in toughness compared to monolithic aragonite and has always been the model for the synthesis of high mechanical performance artificial materials. In this review, we primarily introduce the recent studies on the synthesis of nacre-inspired composites with exceptional mechanical properties, including 1D fibers, 2D films, and 3D bulk materials. In addition, design strategies for performance enhancement are summarized based on these studies, and applications of high-performance nacre-inspired composites are also discussed. Finally, a critical outlook of the future direction of developing next-generation high mechanical performance nacre-inspired composites is provided.