Modeling pedestrian–vehicle mixed-flow in a complex evacuation scenario

Traffic simulation model has been widely used in urban traffic evacuation and pedestrian evacuation. However, few research efforts have been devoted to a complex evacuation scenario that includes vehicles and pedestrians. Even some of the research studies have focused on pedestrian–vehicle mixed-flow simulation models; they can hardly simulate the pedestrian–vehicle interaction dynamics in complex evacuation scenarios such as intersections, parking lots, and so on. This paper developed a pedestrian–vehicle mixed-flow model based on the Social Force Model (SFM), a car-following model, and a lane change model to solve this problem. Further, the vehicle–pedestrian force and Time to Conflict (TTC) model the interaction between people and vehicles. In the case study of parking lot evacuation, the model is proved to be effective in simulating the behavior of pedestrian–vehicle flow in a complex scenario.