High-power instant-synthesis technology of carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites

Carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites are playing a crucial role in modern science and technology. This review summarizes a kind of high-power technology (including detonation, pulsed-laser ablation, arc-electric, joule & induction heating, and microwave-induced plasma) that can synthesis such nanomaterials in seconds. First, the history and equipment setup of high-power instant-synthesis technology (HIT) are introduced. Thereafter, the growth mechanisms of carbon nanomaterials and nanocomposites are thoroughly discussed, followed by the recent developments of HIT-synthesized nanomaterials for catalyst, energy storage, and conversion applications. A comparison of the key apparatus of HIT is also presented to give a comprehensive understanding in synthesizing nanoparticles rapidly, controllably, inexpensively, and safely. Finally, the conclusion covers novel designs for promising applications, the feasibilities of mass-production, as well as the environmental considerations.