From industries 4.0 to energy 5.0: Concept and framework of intelligent energy systems

In this paper, we propose a new framework called Energy 5.0 by analyzing the trends and interactions of industrial and energy development and advances in order to facilitate energy internet development. In particular, there are many inherent social properties in energy systems since social information and factors are introduced to energy systems. Hence, it is imperative to include human sociology and management science in modeling and analysis of such systems. This paper points out that the artificial system is fundamentally different from traditional simulation systems. In order to establish the proposed Energy 5.0, we have to use the artificial model and the parallel system. To this end, we describe the theory, structure and related techniques of Energy 5.0. We also discuss the equivalence of Energy 5.0, cyber-physical social system (CPSS) and parallel energy. Finally, we illustrate the potential research issues, technical approaches and applicability of Energy 5.0 by using several demonstration projects such as a distributed energy system, an intelligent thermal power plant, and smart building project.