From individual modalities to multi-physical synergy: Implantable electronic, photonic, magnetic platforms for the treatment of internal organ diseases

The recent advancements in implantable therapeutic platforms underscore their pivotal roles and broad applicability in medicine, particularly for treating internal organ disease. These platforms can be broadly categorized into electronic, photonic, magnetic, and multi-physical modalities, significantly expanding therapeutic strategies across medical disciplines. Electronic platforms encompass electrical stimulation-based therapies and electrical-actuated drug delivery, leveraging self-powered technologies for minimally invasive solutions. Photonic platforms harness the interactions between photons and biological tissues for cutting-edge disease treatment, addressing limitations in tissue penetration depth. Magnetic therapies exploit magnetic fluid hyperthermia effect, magneto-mechanical effect, and direct magnetic stimulation, with implantable platforms enhancing magnetic energy conversion and ensuring accurate target in treatments. In practical applications, various physical platforms exhibit overlapping functionalities while maintaining distinct advantages within their operational domains. The multi-physics platform synergistically integrates the complementary benefits of individual platforms, thereby significantly expanding its potential application scope. This review sheds light on the synergistic integration of multiple physical fields (combining electronic, photonic, or magnetic platforms) for advancing therapeutic outcomes, which is distinctive from previous reviews focusing on single-field therapies. In addition, this review aims to provide a systematic overview of the latest developments in implantable therapeutic platforms for treating internal organ diseases, covering technical principles, device designs, their clinical potential and challenges, and future directions in the field of multi-physical field integrated therapeutic platforms.