Effect of passive wing pitching on flight control in a hovering model insect and flapping-wing micro air vehicle

Passive wing pitching is a hypothesis in insect flight, and it is used widely by most flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs). This study analyses the flight control of hovering model fruit fly and FWMAV with passive pitching wings. The longitudinal and lateral control derivatives are obtained by numerical simulation of the fluid dynamic equations coupled with the torsional spring passive pitching system. In contrast to active pitching wings, some of the control derivatives are remarkably changed by passive pitching wings, such as ZF (vertical force produced by unit stroke amplitude), Zf (vertical force produced by unit flapping frequency), and M?0 (pitching moment produced by unit rest angle). For example, increasing flapping frequency does not lead to an evident increase in lift and may even have a reverse effect. Therefore, the flight control of FWMAV with passive pitching wings should be treated with caution. For wings pitching passively with a torsional spring at the root, the differential change of the angle of attack in the downstroke and upstroke (ad and au) could be achieved by modulation of the rest angle alone; however, the equal change in ad and au may require an otherwise manipulation of the elastic coefficient. Results in this study provide guidelines for the design of FWMAVs in evaluating the effects of different control inputs correctly and formulating a cost-effective control scheme.