Drivers assessment of photovoltaic waste recycling and reuse in China: A rough-based hierarchical DEMATEL approach

The key drivers for photovoltaic (PV) waste recycling and reuse must be identified for addressing the anticipated challenges posed by the increasing volume of PV waste in China. This study identifies 25 drivers and examines their interrelationships using an extended hierarchical decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The drivers are categorized into six groups: economic and marketing, technology, infrastructure, policy and regulation, environment, and society. A modified approach integrates the strengths of the extended hierarchical DEMATEL method for analyzing cause-effect relationships in complex systems with rough set theory to accommodate imprecise assessments and prioritize these drivers. The analysis highlights that breakthrough technological advancements, research and development in PV recycling technologies, design innovation in PV module manufacturing, implementing strict regulations and policies, business model for collection scheme, fire risk prevention, reduction of energy payback time, stakeholder consensus and cooperation, and mitigation of health risks are the critical drivers shaping PV waste management strategies in China. These findings offer actionable insights for policymakers and PV enterprises to enhance sustainable waste management practices.