Crystal structure engineering of anode materials for Lithium-ion batteries: Strategies, mechanisms, and applications

While the global energy transition relies on advanced energy storage, the practical implementation of high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by inherent atomic-scale limitations, such as volume instability and slow charge-transfer kinetics. To overcome these barriers, crystal structure engineering has emerged as a transformative paradigm for material design. However, a unified framework linking crystallographic modulation to electrochemical performance remains absent. This review systematically categorizes and dissects five key pillars of structural engineering: crystal orientation, facet control, phase transition, defect engineering, and lattice distortion. By delving into the deep-seated physicochemical mechanisms, we elucidate how these atomic-scale adjustments optimize ion/electron transport and structural integrity. Furthermore, we critically assess the hurdles of large-scale application and propose a roadmap for evolving from trial-and-error discovery to predictive, rational design. This work provides a definitive guide for advancing next-generation energy storage materials at the atomic level.