Comparative analysis of emission reduction and combustion performance in aviation engines: The role of sustainable aviation fuel

The aviation industry, a cornerstone of global transportation and economic innovation, faces mounting environmental challenges as emissions significantly contribute to climate change and air quality degradation. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) have emerged as a transformative solution, offering substantial carbon emission reductions while ensuring operational efficiency. This article integrates scientific rigor—including combustion and emissions analysis—with practical applications such as engine-specific evaluations and policy implications, providing unmatched depth and specificity compared to other SAF reviews. It explores SAF advancements, focusing on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-certified pathways and their potential to mitigate aviation's environmental impact. SAFs deliver significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soot, and particulate matter (PM). SAFs offer lower UHC, CO and CO₂ (life-cycle based) emissions than conventional Jet A fuel due to their cleaner composition and renewable origin. These clean combustion properties position SAF as a critical enabler of sustainable aviation. SAF's superior combustion performance enhances its appeal, improving efficiency, flame stability, and emissions while meeting stringent operational demands. Blend ratios influence engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions, optimizing thrust and thermal efficiency. Comparative analyses across various gas turbine types, and piston engines confirm SAF's ability to reduce PM, CO₂, and CO emissions while maintaining operational performance. Despite its promise, SAF adoption faces challenges, including feedstock scarcity, technological and economic constraints, and certification complexities. Operational limitations such as higher specific fuel consumption (SFC) and fuel freezing points highlight the need for policy support, advanced feedstock development, and technological innovation to scale production. SAF adoption is crucial for decarbonizing aviation and transitioning to a low-carbon future, reinforcing its role in achieving a sustainable aviation sector.