Charging facility planning and scheduling problems for battery electric bus systems: A comprehensive review

The adoption of battery electric buses (BEBs) has gained significant momentum in the public transportation sector due to their environmental and energy-saving merits. Nonetheless, challenges such as limited driving range and battery degradation, to some extent, hinder the extensive deployment of BEBs. This paper provides a comprehensive review of BEB adoption and utilization over the past decade, categorizing the state-of-the-art development and our discussion on BEB charging facility planning (BEB-CFP) and BEB charging scheduling (BEB-CS). In this review paper, we first survey the prevailing charging technologies in the BEB market and evaluate their applicability and limitations. Subsequently, the paper synthesizes the development and application of these technologies in terms of related infrastructure planning and charging scheduling operation, focusing on their unique considerations, modeling approaches, solution algorithms, and practical applications. Last, the paper concludes by identifying avenues for future research. Our findings contribute to the literature by providing a holistic revisit of BEB-CFP and BEB-CS with different types of charging technologies, offering selection recommendations and insights for both practitioners and policymakers aiming to optimize the utilization and sustainability of BEB fleets.