Carbon-cement supercapacitor: A review of mechanism, influencing factors and application

The development of renewable energy can mitigate environmental and climate change issues. However, the inherent intermittency and instability of renewable energy sources result in an imbalance between energy supply and demand, highlighting the need for efficient and practical energy storage solutions. This paper reviews the research progress on carbon-cement supercapacitors (CCSs), which integrate structural functionality with energy storage capabilities. CCSs exhibit high power density, long service life, and environmentally friendly design, making them suitable for renewable energy storage and offering a comprehensive energy storage solution for both energy and civil engineering applications. This review systematically discusses the composition, structural design, energy storage mechanisms, and fundamental characteristics of CCSs. Furthermore, it examines the typical self-discharge behavior and its influencing factors, while also addressing its potential for renewable energy storage and applications. Despite the considerable promise of CCS, significant challenges must be overcome before its practical implementation.