Betatron Acceleration of Suprathermal Electrons Upstream of the Martian Bow Shock

Betatron acceleration, a plasma process obtaining particle energy in the perpendicular direction but reserving energy in the field-aligned direction, is the consequence of magnetic strength enhancement when the first adiabatic invariant is conserved. Such process has been widely reported in the terrestrial magnetosphere but is barely reported in other planetary environments. Here, based on the in situ measurements from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, we report two events of betatron acceleration upstream of the Martian bow shock. In both events, betatron accelerations increase the fluxes of suprathermal electrons. The acceleration processes in these events are quantitatively reproduced with an analytical model. Gratifyingly, we find the acceleration factors derived from the analytical model are well consistent with the observations of magnetic strength enhancement. These results for the first time show that the betatron acceleration is an active upstream of the Martian bow shock and is very useful to help us understand the generation of energetic electrons in the Martian environment.