AeroPDSF: An attention-enhanced surrogate framework for aerodynamic optimization of perforated double-skin facades in super-tall buildings

Super-tall buildings are highly sensitive to wind-induced responses, and perforated double-skin facades (PDSFs) provide a passive control strategy for improving aerodynamic performance without substantially changing the main building form. However, the aerodynamic effectiveness of PDSFs is jointly affected by opening ratio, opening pattern, opening location, and wake interaction, making large-scale optimization computationally expensive. This study proposes AeroPDSF, an attention-enhanced surrogate framework for aerodynamic optimization of PDSFs. The framework integrates selective facade-unit representation, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-informed response database, an attention-enhanced convolutional surrogate model, and sensitivity-informed non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III) optimization to efficiently optimize PDSF layouts and reduce structural responses, including peak top acceleration, peak top displacement, and maximum inter-story drift ratio. The results show that the proposed model accurately captures the nonlinear relationship between facade layouts and structural responses. Sensitivity analysis indicates that effective openings are mainly concentrated in the central facade region, and vertical openings are more effective in weakening fluctuating lift and wake vortex shedding. Compared with conventional NSGA-III, the sensitivity-informed strategy achieves faster convergence and lower final objective values. Compared with the fully non-perforated baseline, the optimized layouts reduce peak top displacement, maximum inter-story drift ratio, and peak top acceleration by 54.5%, 57.4%, and 92.2%, respectively. CFD flow-field analysis further confirms that the optimized openings reduce structural responses by forming pressure-release passages and weakening coherent wake structures. The proposed framework provides an efficient and interpretable pathway for passive aerodynamic optimization and high-performance facade layout design of super-tall buildings.