面向精准医疗的生 / 机界面仿生设计技术现状与发展趋势

The development of precision medicine requires efficient, stable, and multifunctional biomechanical interfaces. The abundant micro/nanostructures and functional mechanisms found in nature provide important inspiration for interface design: however, research on biomimetic bio-machine interfaces for precision medicine still lacks in-depth and systematic reviews. This paper systematically summarizes representative biomimetic strategies in interface design, with a particular focus on the principles and applications of antifouling, adhesion enhancement, directional liquid transport, and microneedle penetration structures in interface construction. It further discusses the advantages and limitations of advanced manufacturing technologies, such as laser processing and 3D printing, for the fabrication of multiscale biomimetic structures. Typical applications in precision medicine, including antifouling electrosurgical scalpels, adhesive patches, wearable microfluidic diagnostic sensors, and drug delivery systems, have demonstrated the remarkable benefits of biomimetic structures for improving interfacial adaptability, functional integration, and clinical applicability. Finally, this study explores the crucial role of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, stimuli-responsive materials, and multi-material 3D printing, in driving the advancement of biomimetic bio-machine interfaces. Despite notable progress in biomimetic design and manufacturing, this field remains in its early stages and faces multiple challenges. For instance, natural multifunctional interfaces often exhibit highly complex material compositions and hierarchical multiscale features, making high-precision and consistent biomimetic reconstruction across the macro- and microscales highly dependent on breakthroughs in advanced manufacturing. Current biomimetic approaches are largely confined to isolated structural or material mimicry, with limited progress in the integrated codesign of structures, materials, and functions. Moreover, the intelligent responsiveness and multifunctional integration of interface systems remain underdeveloped, and achieving external-field-driven control (e.g., mechanical, thermal, acoustic, optical, electrical, and chemical) of interface properties is key to advancing system intelligence. Currently, most biomimetic functional interfaces remain in the proof-of-concept stage, and their long-term durability, biocompatibility, and safety require further validation for clinical and real-world applications. Biomechanical interfaces are expected to evolve beyond static designs to dynamic and adaptive systems. By integrating stimuli-responsive materials with flexible sensing networks, such interfaces can achieve real-time environmental perception and feedback regulation, enabling closed-loop intelligent medical devices, such as adaptive neural interfaces and dynamic drug-delivery microneedle arrays. Multiscale simulations (e.g., molecular dynamics and finite element analysis) can accurately predict the mechanical, electrical, and biological behaviors at the interface. Furthermore, coupling biomimetic design with artificial intelligence, particularly machine and deep learning, promises to establish data-driven platforms for interface design, enabling an integrated workflow from natural structure extraction and material selection to manufacturing pathway planning and performance prediction, thus advancing the paradigm from experience-driven to data-driven biomimetic design. Breakthroughs in key technologies such as multimaterial cooperative printing and scalable micro/nanoscale manufacturing are critical for establishing standardized and modular fabrication systems with improved reproducibility and consistency. Simultaneously, systematic frameworks for long-term biocompatibility assessment must be developed to ensure clinical safety and stability. In summary, this study proposes two guiding strategies dynamic biomimetic design enabled by smart materials and intelligent interface design enabled by artificial intelligence to fill a critical gap in the literature. These perspectives provide valuable insights for the future development of biomimetic interface design and manufacturing for precision medicine.