氧化铝材料的强韧化研究进展

Alumina (Al₂O₃) materials are widely utilized in aerospace, military, dental restoration, automobile manufacturing and electronic applications due to their high strength, hardness, and chemical stability. However, their inherent brittleness and low fracture toughness (typically below 4.5 MPa•m^1/2) limit their application in load-bearing components. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in strengthening and toughening strategies for Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-based composites, focusing on three key approaches: phase regulation, compositional optimization, and bioinspired micro-nano structural design. Phase regulation strategies, such as amorphous Al₂O₃ and crystal-amorphous dual phase structures, enhance toughness through shear band slip and uniform plastic deformation (e.g., amorphous Al₂O₃ layers achieve tensile strength of 4.8 GPa with 30% strain). Compositional optimization involves introducing secondary phases like oxides (e.g., ZrO₂, Y₂O₃) to refine grains and induce crack deflection (fracture toughness up to 9.38 MPa•m^1/2), carbon materials (e.g., graphene, SiC) for crack bridging and branching (40% toughness improvement), and metals (e.g., Cu, Ni) to enhance interfacial bonding and energy dissipation (energy density of 10 J•g^－1). Micro-nano structural designs inspired by natural nacre (“brick-mortar” architecture), 3D interlocking, and Bouligand structures achieve synergistic high strength and high toughness via multiscale crack deflection and bridging. Challenges remain in stabilizing amorphous phases, strengthening heterogeneous interfaces, and scaling up biomimetic pure ceramic architectures. Future directions emphasize pure ceramic composites with high-performance, interfacial engineering, and scalable fabrication of hierarchical structures to expand applications in extreme environments. This review provides critical insights and technical guidelines for developing next-generation high-performance Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-based composites.