大国竞争时代的全球科技治理政策工具

Amid intensifying great-power competition, the global science and technology (S&T) governance landscape is undergoing profound transformation. Traditional S&T policy instrument systems—primarily oriented toward inward capacity building—are increasingly inadequate to address the complex challenges posed by external competition and institutional restructuring. This study systematically examines the functional boundaries and developmental limitations of China’s current policy instrument system, drawing on the global governance experience of U.S. science and technology policy. It breaks through the constraints of inward-oriented policy design by adopting a dual-value framework of “internal capacity strengthening–external rule shaping,” and clearly defines the concept and core characteristics of global S&T governance policy instruments. Based on this, this study constructs a new global S&T governance policy instrument framework centered on a “dual-dimension, multi-category” collaborative system, encompassing supply-side, demand-side, environmental, countermeasure, rule-shaping, and cooperative instruments. This framework supports a strategic shift in policy logic from passive adaptation to proactive shaping of the global order. Looking ahead to China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period, the study proposes development strategies focused on consolidating foundational capabilities, innovating policy tool combinations, and building a new model of multi-actor co-governance—aimed at enhancing China’s strategic resilience, institutional shaping capacity, and international cooperation capabilities in future S&T competition.